Sanskritisation refers to the process by which lower-caste groups adopt the customs, rituals, and practices of higher-caste groups in an attempt to improve their social status. Srinivas observed that this phenomenon was driven by a desire to emulate the prestige and privileges associated with higher castes. This concept is based on his extensive fieldwork in the South Indian state of Karnataka.
One of the main mechanisms of Sanskritisation is the adoption of Brahminical practices and rituals, such as vegetarianism, sacred thread ceremonies, and rituals associated with purity and pollution. By adopting these practices, lower-caste groups sought to align themselves with the higher castes and enhance their social standing. This process often involves changing one's lifestyle, occupation, and religious practices to mirror those of the higher castes.
Sanskritisation is not only a cultural phenomenon but also an economic and social one. It has implications for marriage practices, occupation, and social interactions. As lower-caste groups incorporate elements of higher-caste culture, they attempt to transcend their traditional occupations, which are often stigmatized, and engage in more socially respected professions.
However, while Sanskritisation can lead to upward mobility for some individuals or families, it also perpetuates the existing caste hierarchy. The concept of Sanskritisation does not challenge the structural inequalities present in the caste system. In fact, it reinforces the idea that higher castes are superior and that their practices should be emulated for social betterment.
It's important to note that Srinivas also introduced the concept of "Westernisation" to contrast with Sanskritisation. Westernisation involves adopting Western cultural norms, education, and lifestyle, often in opposition to traditional practices. Both Sanskritisation and Westernisation are dynamic processes that impact Indian society differently based on regional, historical, and socio-economic contexts.
In summary, M.N. Srinivas's concept of Sanskritisation highlights the intricate ways in which caste-based societies transform and adapt. It elucidates the complex interplay between cultural practices, social mobility, and the reinforcement of caste hierarchies. While Sanskritisation can lead to individual progress, it does not address the broader issue of caste-based discrimination and inequality, which remains deeply ingrained in Indian society.
